A Bruegel – Florence School of Regulation common initiative

The terrifying invasion of Ukraine is destroying former relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation. Since Russia is the EU’s main supplier of oil, natural gas and coal, the EU must redefine its energy future, and started doing it on 8 March, with the publication of the communication “REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy”.

However, we still have to discover how the EU will enter this new world. And the best way to do that is presumably to meet and discuss it altogether.

It is what Bruegel, a leading Think-Tank in Brussels, and the Florence School of Regulation, a Higher Education Centre, decided to do, organizing a mini-series of two online events.

The first event on 24 March explored how the life of European countries could look like without Russian energy.

On Tuesday 12 April, there will be a second online event, where we will enter more into the practicalities of how Europe can get rid of Russian energy addiction in the coming months and years.

We will do that with the help of a lawyer knowing well EU energy law and regulation (Klaus-Dieter Borchardt), a former national energy regulator (Walter Boltz), an expert of energy trading (Egbert Laege), and an expert of gas storage (Carole Le Henaff).

Agenda:

First session: Can the current EU legal and regulatory framework support the phase-out of Russian energy?

Moderator: Georg Zachmann (Breugel)

• Klaus-Dieter Borchardt (former director for the internal market at the European Commission – DG Energy)
• Walter Boltz (former director at E-Control)
• Q&A

Second session: Can the European energy system deal with the phase-out of Russian energy?

Moderator: Ilaria Conti (FSR)

• Egbert Laege (Boston Consulting Group and INSEAD)
• Carole Le Henaff (Storengy – Engie)
• Q&A

Read more:

Can Europe manage if Russian oil and coal are cut off?

High gas prices in Europe: A matter for policy intervention?

This Debate will discuss how the envisaged gas storage obligation could be framed and how its costs could be allocated to the different Member States to reflect the benefits that better utilisation of storage capacity in Europe can bring. It will also aim to identify other aspects that an EU storage policy should cover.

Watch the recording:

Energy sector developments over the last six months dramatically impacted energy prices. A tight international gas market in the second half of 2021 led to a sharp rise in gas prices, which, in many countries where gas is heavily used to generate electricity, or at least is the marginal fuel, led to comparably sharp increases in wholesale electricity prices.

Since the end of February 2022, as a result of the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation army, the situation has further exacerbated, especially in those regions heavily depending on gas imports from Russia.

Sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation by many countries following the invasion of Ukraine have included or might include, a ban on fuel import from Russia. And, in any case, it is unlikely that the Russian Federation will return to be considered a reliable trading partner anytime soon.

These developments have prompted policy action by the European Union, which, as a whole, depends on the Russian Federation for more than 40% of its gas consumption^[1].

In its REPowerEU Communication of 8 March 2022[2], the European Commission stated that “following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the case for a rapid clean energy transition has never been stronger and clearer” and that “the EU needs to be ready for any scenario. It can reach independence from Russian gas well before the end of the decade”. The Communication proposes a number of measures to pursue this goal, with gas storage playing an important role as it can both reduce the need to import additional volumes of gas during the heatings eason and contribute to absorb supply shocks. This requires additional measures to be introduced to ensure that storage can contribute to security of supply to its full potential. In particular, the Commission proposes to introduce a filling obligation for gas storages and has announced that it will make a legislative proposal by April for this purpose. “This proposal will require that existing storage infrastructures in the EU territory are filled up to at least 90% of their capacity by 1 October each year. In order to make storage more attractive to market participants, the Commission will propose to increase the rebate level to 100% as an incentive to refill storage”[3].

This would be part of an EU gas storage policy that “will ensure fairness and allow making smart use of existing infrastructure, limiting the need for new infrastructure as not all Member States have underground storage facilities in their territories. The legal proposal will set out a mechanism to ensure a fair allocation of security of supply costs”.

Draft Programme

Introduction to the Debate and Opening Presentations

14.00 – 14.05   Introduction to the Debate

Alberto Pototschnig | Florence School of Regulation

14.05 – 14.15   A gas storage policy for the EU

Ilaria Conti | Florence School of Regulation

14.15 – 14.25   The experience with national gas storage obligations

Aad Correljé | TU Delft

Panel Discussion: Introductory Remarks, Polls and Comments

Moderator: Leigh Hancher | Florence School of Regulation and Tilburg University

14.25 – 14.50   Introductory remarks from the panellists

Giuseppina Squicciarini | Shell

Benoit Esnault, CRE and CEER

Steve Rose | Eurogas

Catherine Gras | GRTGaz

14.50 – 14.55   Polls

14.55 – 15.20   Comments on the outcome of the pollS and Q&A from the audience
Panellists

15.20 – 15.30   Concluding remarks
Oliver Koch | DG Energy, European Commission 
Leigh Hancher | Florence School of Regulation and Tilburg University
Alberto Pototschnig | Florence School of Regulation

[1] Russia also accounts for 27% of oil imports and 46% of coal imports.

[2] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, Strasbourg, 8.3.2022, COM(2022) 108 final.

[3] Thirteen Member States – Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden – have storage obligations in place. Others, like Germany, announced plans to introduce them.

#FSRDebates

Hosts: Prof. Leigh Hancher and Prof. Alberto Pototschnig

The focus of this series is on recent court cases, regulatory decisions, EU legislation, or public consultations to be discussed by a panel of experts.

From a recent study co-authored by two German researchers, Claudia Kemfert and Franziska Holz, we know that the optimal energy mix for Europe in 2050 is still largely undetermined. However, we also know that it is likely to combine three building blocks: direct electrification with renewables, hydrogen, and synthetic hydrocarbons.

During this FSR Talk, Claudia and Franziska will explain why these three building blocks, how they could combine, and what policy measures might be preferable for the EU to implement in the coming years.

Speakers:

Prof Dr Claudia Kemfert, Head of the department Energy, Transportation, Environment at the German Institute of Economic Research (DIW Berlin)

Prof Dr Franziska Holz, Deputy Head of the Department Energy, Transportation, and Environment at the German Institute of Economic Research (DIW Berlin)

Agenda:

• Introduction and initial speech by the guest speakers: Jean-Michel Glachant, Claudia Kemfert and Franziska Holz (20’)
• Discussion with Nicolò Rossetto and James Kneebone (15’)
• Q&A with the audience (25’)

Host:

Jean-Michel Glachant, Director of the Florence School of Regulation

Learn more:

The FSR Summer School on Energy Systems

The FSR Clean Molecule for the Energy Transition course

Florence School of Regulation: Cost-Effective Decarbonisation Study 2022

#FSRTalks

Live interviews with experts from the wider network of the school to showcase and discuss a timely topic in a light and interactive way.

This event is an FSR-E3G joint initiative.

The Versailles European Council has agreed to phase-out EU dependency on gas supplies from Russia, mandate minimum gas stocks, and make an unprecedented push to rapidly increase sustainable EU-produced energy, notably renewable electricity, biogas, hydrogen, and a more flexible and efficient energy system overall.

The Commission has published its RePowerEU Communication, giving guidance to the Member States on the measures that can be taken to deal with very high energy prices, and outlining targets for new RES capacity.

The Commission has indicated that it will consider putting forward measures to reform the current ‘marginalist’ electricity market design during an emergency period and to share proposals for energy market design in the context of changing energy realities and EU climate targets by mid-May.

Seen collectively, this change represents the greatest and most difficult change in EU energy policy that we have ever seen.

The debate will focus on electricity market design. What should be done in a short term and medium and long-term in adapting the electricity market to provide energy security, affordable prices for consumers and achieving climate neutrality by 2050?  

Agenda of the event

Introduction

Andris Piebalgs, FSR

Keynotes

Christopher Jones, FSR

Vilislava Ivanova, E3G

Panel discussion moderated by Lisa Fischer, E3G

Nicola Rega, Cefic

Kavita Ahluwalia, Uniper

Michael Villa, SmartEN

Vera Brenzel, Tennet

Oscar Arnedillo, NERA Economic Consulting

#FSRDebates

Hosts: Prof. Andris Piebalgs and Prof. Christopher Jones

The focus of this series is on recent policy issues discussed by a panel of experts.

A Bruegel – Florence School of Regulation common initiative

The terrifying invasion of Ukraine will destroy existing relations between the EU and Russia for decades. Since Russia is the EU main supplier of oil, natural gas and coal, the EU has to redefine its energy future, starting from today.

However, we still need to discover how the EU will enter this new world. And the best way to do that is presumably to meet and to discuss it altogether.

It is what Bruegel, a leading Think-Tank in Brussels, and Florence School of Regulation, a Higher Education Centre, will do on Wednesday 24 March at 1:00 pm – 2.45 pm CET.

The first session of the event will explore European life without Russian energy. How will it come? What are the likely main consequences of getting rid of Russian energy?

We will do that with Georg Zachmann (Bruegel), answering to the question “Can the EU make it without Russian oil, gas and coal?”; and with Jean Pisani-Ferry (both Bruegel & EUI), answering the question “Can the EU manage first an ‘oil shock’ by stopping using of Russian energy, and then go straight to an accelerated “Macro Green Shock” to get rid of fossil energy?”

The second session will look at the reactions of European people and countries: will they be bolder, even hardliners?

We will do that with Alex Stubb, former Finnish PM (STG at EUI), answering to the question “Can Finland and other Nordics push a “hard-line” policy of European Security: a kind of Russian oil & gas ban or phasing out, plus acceleration of energy transition, plus acceleration of European defence build-up?”; and with Andris Piebalgs, former Latvian minister & EU Commissioner (FSR at EUI), answering the question “Can the Baltic & Eastern EU countries push a “hard-line” policy of European Security: a kind of Russian oil & gas ban or phasing out, plus acceleration of energy transition, plus acceleration of European defence build-up?”

Agenda of the event

First session: Without Russian gas?

Moderator: Ilaria Conti (FSR, EUI)

• Can the EU make it without Russian gas oil and coal? Georg Zachmann (Brueghel)
• Can the EU manage first an “oil shock” with Russian gas, and then go straight to an accelerated “Macro Green Shock” to get rid of this gas? Jean Pisani-Ferry (Brueghel; RSCAS, EUI)
• Q&A

Second session: Against Russian gas?

Moderator: Jean-Michel Glachant (FSR, EUI)

• Can Finland and other Nordics push a “hard-line” policy of European Security: Kind of Russian oil, gas and coal ban or phasing out, plus acceleration of energy transition, plus the acceleration of European defence? Alex Stubb (STG, EUI) TBC
• Can the Baltic & Eastern EU countries push a “hard-line” policy of European Security: Kind of Russian oil, gas and coal ban or phasing out, plus the acceleration of energy transition, plus the acceleration of European defence? Andris Piebalgs (FSR, EUI)
• Q&A

Read more

Preparing for the first winter without Russian gas | Bruegel

« Jamais la sobriété énergétique de nos concitoyens n’a été aussi cruciale pour notre destin » (lemonde.fr)

In the context of the Paris Climate Agreement, there is today a strong need for enhanced international cooperation fostering emissions trading around the world. Based on the research of the project called LIFE DICET – Deepening International Cooperation for Emissions Trading, this webinar will provide a better understanding of the regulation of carbon markets and the implications for their possible integration. It will take place on 7 April from 12.00 to 13.00 CEST.

WATCH THE RECORDING:

The webinar “Linking Emissions Trading Systems: research insights from LIFE DICET” aims at summarising the Carbon Market Policy Dialogue about the relevance and challenges of linking emissions trading systems (ETSs). Building upon the Online Training, the objective of this webinar is to translate the research of the project LIFE DICET – Deepening international cooperation on emissions trading – into learning and to bring it to a much wider audience.

Special attention is devoted to the six ETSs represented in the Carbon Market Policy Dialogue (those of California, Quebec, EU, Switzerland, China and New Zealand) and to the topics of research “Emissions trading systems with different measures for carbon leakage prevention: implications for linking” (topic 3)  and “ETS Alignment: possible reforms for carbon market integration” (topic 5).

A brief summary of the past and current research will be presented by the lead researchers, then, the floor will be open for questions.

12.00-12.05: Welcome by Simone BORGHESI, Director of FSR Climate and LIFE DICET. 

12.05-12.40: Presentations

• “ETSs with different measures for carbon leakage prevention: implications for linking” by Stefano F. VERDE, Assistant Professor at the University of Siena
• “ETS Alignment: possible reforms for carbon market integration” by Baran DODA, Head of Programme Carbon Markets and Pricing at adelphi, Senior Project Manager at the International Carbon Action Partnership and External Collaborator of LIFE DICET

12.40-13.00: Questions and answers

Check out the resources and publications of LIFE DICET here.

LIFE DICET is a project co-financed by the EU LIFE Programme of the European Commission.

FSR Regulatory Policy Workshop Series 2022

The European Union has committed to double the share of renewables in final electricity consumption over the next ten years, from 34% in 2020 to 65-70% in 2030. In this way, the electricity sector will continue to contribute more than proportionally to the overall renewables penetration target of 40% of final energy consumption in 2030 and the decarbonisation goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by the same date.

A large part of the new renewable-based generation – including solar PV and wind – will be characterised by a higher variability (and somewhat lower predictability) of its output compared to conventional generation. Therefore, in order to accommodate the increased penetration of renewables, the electricity system would need to increase its flexibility, i.e. its ability to withstand and respond to sudden and unexpected changes in residual demand (the difference between total demand and the part of it served by renewables-based generation).

Fortunately, technological development – e.g. in batteries, electric vehicles and smarter appliances – provides new resources which can offer flexibility to the system. The increase digitalisation of the energy sector and of contiguous sectors provides the opportunity to harness this flexibility to the benefit of the electricity system. The new resources – generally referred to as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) – are typically smaller and more decentralised than those, mainly generating plants, which have so far provided most of the flexibility in the electricity system. This poses challenges, but also provides opportunities, e.g. to develop local flexibility markets helping distribution grids to manage local congestion.

Beyond technological advances, a conducive regulatory system and market design is necessary to allow DERs to enter the market to offer their flexibility. In fact, many of the current rules relevant for the connection and participation of these smaller, more decentralised DERs were developed with larger generating units as a reference and might need to be adapted to the characteristics of DERs.

Currently, the participation of DERs in electricity balancing markets, whether individually or aggregated, is still rather limited[1]. It is however now widely accepted that new approaches to system operation and the sourcing of ancillary services[2] from DERs[3] are now needed.  As DERs are in general relatively flexible, i.e. being able to adjust the volumes of electricity withdraw from or injected into the grid at short notice, they are considered very suitable to provide all types of system services.

in developing an enabling regulatory environment for the participation of DERs in balancing and ancillary services markets, a number of aspects should be considered, including:

• the definition of market requirements – e.g. minimum bid size and formats, DER observability – which recognise the characteristics of DERs
• whether the current organisation of the balancing mechanism is suitable for accommodating the participation of DERs or whether the effective interaction of DERs requires a re-organisation of the balancing system;
• the identification of the most effective flexibility aggregation model;
• issues related to data interface and portability.

Against this background, this Workshop on decentralised resources and flexibility will aim at identifying which aspects of the current organisational, regulatory and market design frameworks will need to be adapted to enable the increasing penetration of DERs.

For this purpose, the Workshop will be structured in two sessions:

• Session I will aim at identifying which aspects in the current regulatory and market design (especially in relation to balancing and reserve markets) would need to be adapted to enable the participation of DERs;
• Session II will consider which new market structures would be required fully to exploit and support the participation of DERs in the most efficient manner and which organisational model might best serve these developments.

A recent report produced by the Florence School of Regulation on “Distributed Energy Resources and electricity balancing: visions for a future organisation” will be presented at the Workshop and its conclusions discussed.

Sustainability assessment

The FSR assesses the sustainability and carbon footprint of all its Workshops of the Regulatory Policy Series. This Workshop is run online due to the COVID-19-related restrictions. Therefore, there is no travel involved and the Workshop’s carbon footprint is limited to the impact of using ICT. It is considered that there are no viable ways further to reduce the carbon footprint of the Workshop.

Please note that this event ‘Decentralised resources and flexibility – Policy Workshop’ is exclusively open to National Regulatory Authorities, delegates from public institutions and FSR Energy Donor companies. For further information, please contact Elena Iorio.

Read more

Read more about the previous Policy Workshop of this series ‘Electricity prices and market design‘.

Technical report: Distributed energy resources and electricity balancing

[1] Recent overviews per Member State of the European Union (EU) can be found in The smartEn Map 2020 – PROSUMERS – smartEn.

[2] Article 2(48) of Directive (EU) 2019/944 defines ‘ancillary services’ as a range of functions which system operators contract to guarantee system security. Ancillary services include balancing, but also various other services, such as reactive power provision and black-start capability, but not redispatch.

[3] See, for example, CEDEC, E.DSO, ENTSO-E, Eurelectric, GEODE, 2021. Roadmap on the Evolution of the Regulatory Framework for Distributed Flexibility. A joint report by ENTSO-E and the European Associations representing DSOs (CEDEC, E.DSO, Eurelectric, GEODE), June 2021.

Starting from 2018 ‘Year of Multimodality’, the European Commission has put together a number of legislative and policy initiatives relating to better infrastructure, connections, incentives and digital solutions, with a view to promoting the shift towards a fully integrated, multimodal and sustainable transport sector.

However, at the moment there is only regulation, Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/1926 on EU-wide multimodal travel information services, which establishes the necessary specifications to ensure that multimodal travel information services are accurate and available across borders to users. It supports the development of multimodal travel information services by mandating the accessibility and the possibility to exchange and reuse static travel and traffic information data, if they exist in digital machine-readable format, on National Access Points. Services facilitating payment and booking of mobility products are not part of this regulation. To help both passengers and/or other intermediaries compare different travel options, choices and prices, and to facilitate the sale and re-sale of mobility products from different operators, whether they are private or public, within one mode or across modes, the European Commission is preparing a new initiative on Multimodal digital mobility services (MDMS), which is to be presented by the end of 2022.

At the moment, MDMS are deployed in a fragmented manner, lacking proper legal and market frameworks to develop more successfully and to provide a full range of offers across the EU.

Many issues remain, such as difficult co-operation between mobility operators and multimodal digital mobility services; complex and lengthy negotiations to obtain licences and distribution agreements; the lack of common standards and interfaces; and the lack of solutions concerning revenue sharing. In some cases, those distribution agreements between operators (both public and private) and digital service providers are unbalanced, due to inequality of bargaining power in favour of incumbent operators. The recently introduced obligation for rail carriers[1] to provide to ticket vendors real-time travel information and access to the operation of reservation systems is only a first step in the right direction which needs to be further developed in the multimodal area.

In the rail sector, with its specific network structure which sometimes makes the use of multiple operators necessary, the limited uptake of fair and transparent underlying private agreements between operators on journey continuation is a barrier for ensuring a smooth passengers’ experience when combined journeys are sold, because passengers may not be offered any appropriate solution on how to reach their final destination in case of travel disruptions. Such agreements enable companies to ensure that passengers who miss a connection due to the late arrival of a previous train can be carried on a later train, reducing the risk to be stranded and making rail more attractive for a wider range of travellers. On the other hand, through-tickets, which ensure comprehensive passengers’ protection (including the journey continuation), are not often offered on the market. It remains to be seen to which extent the offer of through-tickets would increase based on the new obligation[2] that all international, long-distance domestic and regional services of rail carriers, which qualify as “sole undertakings”, shall be offered as through-tickets.

As a result, the full societal, economic and environmental benefits from enhanced multimodality and the use of the most sustainable transport modes are not achieved. Some current practices also risk limiting competition among transport service providers by restricting access to customers and the development of a healthy market for transport services[3].

The forum gathers European – and national- regulators, public transport operators, industry representatives and academics for a discussion on the challenges and enablers to delivering an EU wide multimodal ticketing, and particularly the Multimodal digital mobility services. More specifically, forum participants will tackle the following issues: interoperability, access to data, through-ticketing/journey continuation, and passenger rights.

Please note that participation in this forum is by invitation only.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

[1] Article 10 of the new Rail Passenger Rights Regulation 2021/782

[2] Article 12 of the new Rail Passenger Rights Regulation (EU) 2021/782

[3] https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/13133-Multimodal-Digital-Mobility-Services_en

SPEAKERS’ PRESENTATION SLIDES:

Juan Montero – Florence School of Regulation Transport Area

Edoardo Felici – DG MOVE

Elisabeth Kotthaus – DG MOVE

Christopher Queree – Querée Consulting

Janne Huhtamäki – Traficom

Ghislain Delabie – La Fabrique des Mobilités

Juan Jesús García – Amadeus IT

Francis Sykes – RATP Smart Systems

Pauline Aymonier -TIER Mobility

Barbora Mičková – Allrail

Vittorio Carta – Deutsche Bahn

Alexander Ernert – Trainline

Blaž Pongračič – CER

Norman Schadler – Agency for Passenger Rights, Austria

Josef Schneider – European Passengers’ Federation

Emmanuel Mounier – EU Travel Tech

The new episode of the FSR Insights series will focus on electricity sector reforms in China.

The electricity sector in China has passed through several reforms in the last half-century. In the mid-1980s, the first major reform introduced new ways of purchasing electricity as means of lowering entry barriers and expanding the industry. The second major reform in the late 1990s aimed at the corporatization of state-owned companies to act as market players and respond to market signals. The third major reform in 2003 imposed the unbundling of a single giant vertically-integrated company into pieces composed of independent generators, transmission, distribution, and retail companies.

Nowadays, the electricity sector in China is facing the need for a fourth major reform, which should conciliate the continued need for expansion of generation to respond to the still-growing demand with the pressure to accomplish the policy targets of carbon neutrality in 2060.

The FSR Insight will host Professor Furong Li, University of Bath, and Professor Xu Yi-chong, University of Griffith, to revisit the past reforms in the Chinese electricity sector and unwrapped the key challenges for the future. What are the main policy drivers for the electricity sector reforms in China? What has already been achieved, and what are the latest policy developments? What are the main technologies that are being deployed in this growing electricity system? Who are the main actors in the value chain? What are the ambitions to cooperate with other countries? What can we learn from this experience?

Hosts:

Leonardo Meeus, FSR

Lucila de Almeida, FSR

Speakers:

Furong Li, University of Bath

Xu Yi-chong , University of Griffith

Discussants:

Daniele Stampatori, FSR

Sofia Nicolai, FSR

Before joining the events, watch our pills!

Prof. Xu Yi-Chong on Electricity in China:

Prof. Furong Li on China’s power sector reforms:

#FSRInsights

The new season of the FSR Insights will feature world-class academics from the energy field, as well as the FSR research team members in the role of discussants, to investigate timely energy topics and future scenarios.

The COVID-19 pandemic has almost forced the aviation industry to a halt in 2020, at least when it comes to the provision of passenger services: the number of active routes, as well as frequencies were substantially reduced while passenger volumes drastically declined. The impact of COVID-19 on aviation continues to be felt today, as the industry faces an uncertain recovery outlook. While EUROCONTROL forecasts 2022 traffic to recover to 70-90% of 2019 levels, the evolving pandemic has seen traffic fall away from its optimistic forecast to converge increasingly on the baseline forecast.

The Commission adopted several emergency measures to support the aviation sector during the pandemic. First, as confirmed by the discussions of the 17^th Florence Air Forum, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission has enabled Member States to use the full flexibility provided under State aid rules to support the aviation industry. In particular, the Commission adopted a temporary framework for State aid rules in 2020, in force until 2022. Thanks to the massive State support approved by the Commission, the aviation ecosystem was thus able to stay afloat. However, this massive State support has also been asymmetric, as certain Member States have granted much higher amounts of aid than others.

This impact of COVID-19 on the competitive landscape in which aviation actors are operating must also be placed against the background of the decarbonisation imperative, as well as in the context of pervasive digitalisation. The combination of all these forces will inevitably result in a post-COVID-19 aviation industry that is significantly different from the one we know today. Consequently, competition law rules and the regulatory environment may have to be adapted to the new circumstances in the industry, and the different instruments (i.e., State aid, mergers, antitrust and the general EU regulatory framework for aviation) will have to be applied in accordance with the new reality. Building upon the discussions of the 17^th Florence Air Forum, which centred on the short- and mid-term implications of the pandemic, the 18^th Florence Air Forum will take a longer-term perspective in discussing the industry’s resilience and sustainability from both a regulatory and competition law perspective.

The Forum will be kick-started by a presentation of the main findings of the study commissioned by the Commission to assess the structural changes in the aviation market, including those pertaining to connectivity, pricing, competitiveness, as well as the changes to business models and travel demand, among others. Stakeholders will have the opportunity to react to the freshly presented findings while debating the questions: What are the structural changes in the market? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on operators’ financial status and resilience? How long would it take them to recover? The Forum will also investigate how the pandemic has affected the provision of connectivity (e.g., more destinations but less frequency), ticket prices, travel habits and inter-modality, but also the implications on the competitive structure of different airlines, as well as on the relationships between airlines and airports. The findings of this analytical session will then inform the discussions in the subsequent sessions.

The second session will aim to draw lessons from the crisis. It will be dedicated to the various emergency measures adopted by the Commission including legislative (e.g., Airport Slots, Air Services Regulation, Ground Handling Directive) but also other non-legislative measures (e.g., Guidelines on State aid and emergency Public Service Obligations, Temporary Framework for State aid rules). In the context of State aid support, the Forum will discuss the effectiveness of the flexible rules introduced by the Commission, the limitations of existing State aid instruments, and not least, the issue of aid disparities (i.e., airlines vs. airports, and legacy carriers vs. low cost carriers). Participants will discuss the main challenges identified, including possible ways to address them in any next crisis, be it within the competition law or regulatory framework.

In a third session, the Forum will discuss possible ways of improving the resilience of the aviation sector, so as to reduce the amount of State support needed for airlines and airports during the next crisis, whatever shape it may take. For example, what could be the prudential and capital requirements for both airlines and airports to this end? How can the rules on slots, airport charges or ground-handling be improved to ensure that they are crisis-proof?

Last but not least, this Forum will tackle the timely topic of the aviation sector’s decarbonisation against the backdrop of the Fit for 55 Package. How to strike the right balance between advancing EU greening objectives and securing the competitiveness of EU airlines and airports? What is the role of regulation and/or State aid? How can we render airport acquis greener? Where can the financing come from? What role is there for multimodality (e.g., short haul bans, shift to rail, combination of air and rail)?

Please note that participation in this forum is by invitation only.

SPEAKERS’ SLIDES

Juan Montero – Florence School of Regulation Transport Area

Clémence Routaboul – Steer

Ernst-Jan Heuten – Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets

Bastiaan de Bruijne – ACI Europe

Vasiliki Christidi – SKY express

Energy economists have supported the establishment of open markets for electricity for more than 30 years. They are aware that electricity is a commodity with very specific features and do not deny that concrete examples of electricity markets in Europe, North America and elsewhere are hardly perfect. Yet, they have investigated their imperfections and proposed solutions to deal with them over the years. Books like “Imperfect Markets and Imperfect Regulation” by Thomas-Olivier Léautier provide a comprehensive treatment of this vision, according to which electricity can be supplied reliably and efficiently by competing energy firms.

Today, the rapid penetration of variable and distributed renewable energy sources in the generation mix, the policy goal of reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and the recent explosion of energy prices at the wholesale and retail level challenge the validity of this vision and some people call for a profound rethinking of how electricity is provided.

In this episode of FSR Talk, professor Jean-Michel Glachant will host Thomas-Olivier Léautier and discuss the fundamentals of open markets for electricity and whether significant changes are needed to cope with the profound transformations that the sector is experiencing. Swetha RaviKumar Bhagwat and Nicolò Rossetto, both researchers at FSR, will join the discussion and pose questions to the guest speaker before the floor is open for a Q&A session with the audience.

Watch the recording:

Dr Léautier has a long and remarkable career in the energy sector, both within the industry and academia. After an experience as a professor at the Toulouse School of Economics, Thomas-Olivier was chief economist and director of the corporate university for management at EDF, the leading French electric utility. More recently, he joined TotalEnergies as chief economist. TotalEnergies is one of the largest European energy companies with a long tradition in the oil and gas sector, now willing to turn into a major renewable energy producer.

On the Talk topic, Thomas-Olivier has written several articles in scientific journals, a textbook published by MIT Press in 2019, and co-authored one of the chapters of the Handbook on Electricity Markets published by Edward Elgar in fall 2021.

Agenda:

• Introduction and initial speech by the guest speaker: Jean-Michel Glachant (5’) and Thomas-Olivier Lèautier (15’)
• Discussion with Swetha RaviKumar Bhagwat and Nicolò Rossetto (15’)
• Q&A with the audience (25’)

Host: Jean-Michel Glachant

Invited guest: Thomas-Olivier Léautier

Discussants: Swetha RaviKumar Bhagwat, Nicolò Rossetto

Learn more:

Executive Course to master Electricity Markets – FSR online training

Imperfect Markets and Imperfect Regulation by Thomas-Olivier Léautier

Handbook on Electricity Markets ed. by J.M. Glachant, P. Joskow, M. G. Pollitt

Thanks to the European Union’s stimulus package and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, overall recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic is well under way. As the transport sector was particularly suffering, it subsequently needs comparatively more support than other sectors. Such support constitutes a unique opportunity to accelerate its much-needed transition to decarbonisation, a process that will rely on increasing the transport sector’s level of digitalisation. Among all modes of transport, it appears to be best positioned to deliver on the EU’s decarbonisation objectives, especially because it can facilitate the modal shift from road and short-haul air transport.

The objective of this panel titled “Transport Recovery: Which Role for Railways?“, hosted by FSR Transport in the framework of the European University Institute’s annual flagship conference The State of the Union (SOU), is to discuss how the stimulus package can accelerate the decarbonisation of transport with railways playing a central role in the process.

The 12th edition of The State of the Union will be held from 5 to 7 May 2022 and will focus on the future of the European Union.

Titled “A Europe Fit for the Next Generation?“, the conference will take place in a hybrid format. Attendees from around the world will connect through an online platform, with a select group participating live in Florence.

Two years from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU’s importance in shaping a better future has never been clearer. The State of the Union is a platform for experts and civil society members from all over the world to debate urgent crises. This year’s edition of the EU’s annual policy conference will focus on the European Union’s role in a constantly evolving global landscape. Leaders and Experts from all over the world will deal with issues ranging from multilateral governance to sustainability and resilience, democracy and the rule of law, to the developments in attitudes to migration, the future of digitalisation, and how crisis can fuel change. Prominent speakers will discuss how the Next Generation EU recovery plan can address the damage inflicted by the pandemic. Looking beyond Europe, the conference will feature panels on the future of transatlantic relations and Africa’s emerging role on the global stage.

Organised by the European University Institute, #SOU2022 will once again represent a unique opportunity for the worlds of academia, policymaking, business, media, and civil society to come together and come up with constructive proposals for a more effective EU action.