Research

The School carries out applied research with the purpose of developing economically, legally, and socially-sound regulation and policy, using a multidisciplinary approach.

Should I offset or should I plough? : voluntary carbon offsets and ETS in an evolutionary model

Companies with high emissions can offset their climate impact by participating in emission reduction projects through voluntary carbon markets (VCMs) in several countries. Firms...

Authors
Matteo Mazzarano Simone Borghesi MR SV
Article
The regulatory framework for independent aggregators
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Policy Paper
A framework for electricity grid data exchange and reuse for AI foundation models : reflections on five implementation aspects
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Executive Education

We offer different types of training: Online, Residential, Blended and Tailor-made courses in all levels of knowledge.

13 November 2026
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Policy Events

A wide range of events for open discussion and knowledge exchange. In Florence, Brussels, worldwide and online.

09 October 2026 09:00
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More

Discover more initiatives, broader research, and featured reports.

Energy Regulation Academy

The Energy Regulation Academy (EnRA) is a 3-year capacity-building initiative to help accelerate the energy transition in Europe.

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Opportunities
Opportunities
FSR.secretariat@eui.eu

Energy

Energy & Climate carries out applied research, training courses and policy dialogue impacting policy-makers, stakeholders and consumers.

Blog posts

Climate
Oct 8, 2026
Event Highlights
Complementing the MSR by a mechanism preventing excessive carbon price volatility
Onn 22 September 2026, the EUI hosted a Climate Workshop on “Reforming the Market Stability Reserve of the EU ETS”. The EU Emissions Trading...
Complementing the MSR by a mechanism preventing excessive carbon price volatility
Energy
Oct 2, 2026
Event Highlights
What challenges unite regulators across the globe?
At a time when energy policy sits at the heart of debates on climate change, competitiveness and security, energy regulators are becoming increasingly...
What challenges unite regulators across the globe?
Climate
Sep 28, 2026
Opinion
Climate action and social fairness
Europe often frames climate policy around the idea of a just transition. Has Europe gone further than the US in linking climate action with...
Climate action and social fairness
Energy
Sep 28, 2026
News
Lena Kitzing appointed Deputy Director of the Florence School of Regulation
Lena Kitzing is taking on a new role at the Florence School of Regulation as Deputy Director, joining Director Leonardo Meeus and Deputy Director...
Lena Kitzing appointed Deputy Director of the Florence School of Regulation
Climate
Sep 22, 2026
Opinion
Carbon pricing across the Atlantic: Lessons from the EU ETS
The European Union Emissions Trading System is now the world’s largest carbon market. What lessons could the US draw from Europe’s experience with...
Carbon pricing across the Atlantic: Lessons from the EU ETS
Video
Sep 15, 2026
Power Purchase Agreements - Aliénor Cameron - EnRA Lectures
This lecture introduces Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), an increasingly important tool for financing renewable energy in Europe. It explains how PPA...
Power Purchase Agreements - Aliénor Cameron - EnRA Lectures
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Events

Nov 02, 2026
Electricity markets for competitive and affordable energy in Europe
The EU’s emerging 2040 climate and energy architecture, including the electrification target and a prospective renewable or clean energy target,...
Electricity markets for competitive and affordable energy in Europe
Policy Dialogue
Nov 17, 2026
Integrating energy system planning and regulation to decarbonise the energy sector
Achieving the European Union’s climate and energy objectives requires the coordinated development and operation of electricity, gas, hydrogen, carbo...
Integrating energy system planning and regulation to decarbonise the energy sector
Conference
Nov 30, 2026
Call for papers for the 2026 FSR Climate Annual Conference
The Climate Area of the Florence School of Regulation (FSR) is pleased to announce its 12th Annual Conference on the Economic Assessment of European.....
Call for papers for the 2026 FSR Climate Annual Conference
Online Debate
Sep 28, 2026
Fostering grid data exchange and reuse for AI models: yes, but how?
The introduction of a new Article 18a in the Electricity Market Regulation, as recently proposed by the European Commission, aims to foster the digita...
Fostering grid data exchange and reuse for AI models: yes, but how?
Conference
Oct 07, 2026
FSR – MIT CEEPR Annual Conference on energy and climate policy
The European University Institute (EUI)’s Florence School of Regulation (FSR) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s Center for Ene...
FSR – MIT CEEPR Annual Conference on energy and climate policy
Special Event
Sep 15, 2026
Energy Regulation Academy
The Energy Regulation Academy (EnRA) is a three-year initiative funded by the European Union through the Technical Support Instrument and implemented ...
Energy Regulation Academy
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Publications

Publication
Date: Sep 8, 2026
Article
The regulatory framework for independent aggregators
The importance of independent aggregators has been acknowledged in the recently adopted EU Clean Energy...
Tim Schittekatte Leonardo Meeus VNAD
Publication
Date: Sep 7, 2026
Policy Paper
A framework for electricity grid data exchange and reuse for AI foundation models : reflections on five implementation aspects
In July 2026, the European Commission presented a legislative proposal to amend the Electricity Market...
Ellen Beckstedde Lucila de Almeida Max Münchmeyer Sofia Nicolai Alessandra Porcari Alberto Pototschnig Nicolò Rossetto
Publication
Date: Sep 1, 2026
Contribution to book
European and global climate policies : pursuing fairness and carbon neutrality in an increasingly fragmented world
The need to fight global warming is urgent, since it brings catastrophic and often unjust impacts, while...
Jacopo Cammeo Albert Ferrari Simone Borghesi JD MH HM AS IA
Publication
Date: Aug 20, 2026
Contribution to book
Domestic acceptability as a condition for ambitious climate policies
Europe aims to become the first carbon-neutral continent by 2050. Today, the European Union Emissions Trading...
Simone Borghesi Albert Ferrari Lea Heinrich
Publication
Date: Aug 19, 2026
Article
EU contract case law, July-December 2025
This article provides an overview of the most relevant cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European...
Lucila de Almeida FE MG
Publication
Date: Jun 22, 2026
Technical Report
Managing market tightness in the EU ETS on the path to net-zero : design options and trade-offs in price-based supply adjustments
The EU ETS is approaching a structural transition. As the linear reduction factor tightens the cap toward...
Marie Raude Simone Borghesi
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People

Electricity
Leonardo Meeus
Director of the Florence School of Regulation
Leonardo Meeus Photo
Energy
Nadia Horstmann
Part-time Professor
Nadia Horstmann Photo
Energy
Clara Poletti
Part-time Professor
Clara Poletti Photo
Energy
Alberto Pototschnig
Deputy Director, World of Practice
Alberto Pototschnig Photo
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