Environmental and resource economics, 2022, Vol. 83, pp. 23–46We analyse the international dimension of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) over the past two decades and in the foreseeable future by reviewing facts and economic theory. The facts mainly concern the international climate change regime and the EU’s relevant experience in international cooperation. Club theory shows how incentives can be created for cooperation on climate mitigation. The linkage of the EU ETS to the Kyoto flexible mechanisms had mixed results: it promoted emissions trading abroad, but the inflow of credits into the EU ETS added to a large market surplus and the environmental integrity of certain credits was problematic. Looking ahead, the ability of the EU ETS to reduce foreign emissions may grow. Key will be whether competitiveness and distributional effects are successfully addressed. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism might help the EU reduce the risk of carbon leakage while incentivising emission reductions in countries exporting to the EU. The EU’s focus on reducing domestic emissions only, suggests we will probably not see new international linkages this decade. However, it cannot be excluded that the EU will revisit its decision and relax the domestic constraint.
The EU ETS with companion policies is more robust than relying solely on either regulatory or carbon-pricing interventions. Policies should be developed to account for the disparate impacts of the [...]
Customers are expected to play a fundamental role in the transition to a decarbonised and digitalised energy system. However, experience so far suggests that customer engagement in energy markets cannot [...]
This deliverable, which is part of the Horizon 2020 OneNet project, outlines the alignment activities carried out in OneNet Task 3.4, focusing on integrating the proposed electricity market concepts with [...]
Flexibility involves the adjustment of energy consumption or generation schedules to benefit the grid, for instance, providing services such as balancing, congestion management, and voltage control. Flexibility can be offered [...]
Air Traffic Management (ATM) is a set of services which every State must provide for the safe and efficient operation of air traffic. Today, it is almost entirely financed by [...]
Rail has a key role to play in making EU transport more efficient and sustainable, in line with the goals of the EU’s sustainable and smart mobility strategy. Increasing passenger [...]
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