The COVID-19 pandemic has almost forced the aviation industry to a halt in 2020, at least when it comes to the provision of passenger services: the number of active routes, as well as frequencies were substantially reduced whereas passenger volumes drastically declined. The impact of COVID-19 on aviation continues to be felt today, as the industry faces an uncertain recovery outlook. The Commission adopted several emergency measures to support the aviation sector during the pandemic. In particular, the Commission adopted a temporary framework for State aid rules in 2020, in force until 2022. Thanks to the massive State support approved by the Commission, the aviation ecosystem was able to stay afloat. However, this massive State support has also been asymmetric, as certain Member States have granted much higher amounts of aid than others.
As stated by the OECD, “water security in many regions will continue to deteriorate due to increasing water demand, water stress and water pollution.” Indeed water supply and sanitation (WSS) [...]
Multimodal digital mobility services (MDMS) are instrumental to fostering multimodality as they promote comparability, transparency, and the selling of products across operators and modes. MDMS stand to directly benefit passengers [...]
We need to wonder if a reform of the EU internal electricity market would suffice to deliver EU energy security, decarbonization, and electrification. Regrettably, this is not the case. Let [...]
La crise énergétique a révélé l’incapacité de l’or- ganisation du marché européen de l’électricité à répondre aux trois défis de la décarbonation, de la sécurité d’approvisionnement et des prix abordables. [...]
Réussir l’électrification des usages pour mener la transition écologique et renforcer la souveraineté énergétique et industrielle de la France. Selon les principaux scénarios, la trajectoire de décarbonation entraînera une augmentation [...]
La notion de « réforme des marchés européens de l’électricité » est tout à fait d’actualité au moment où nous rédigeons ce document de travail, au début de l’année 2023. [...]
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