European Energy Policy is changing and multifold. It would be better to say that EU had six very different policies for energy since 1980. I will look deeper at only four of them: the single energy market, and three successive programs of European energy transition.
Each of these four policies is or has been a genuine challenge, as European Commission does not have a strong executive power, and a detailed enough field-administration machinery to implement such policies.
All European successes, with no equivalent in today’s world, are coming from deep and patient compromises between the weak EU layer of decision-making and the decisive national implementation resources.
As stated by the OECD, “water security in many regions will continue to deteriorate due to increasing water demand, water stress and water pollution.” Indeed water supply and sanitation (WSS) [...]
Electricity is used for railway traction. With the 4th Railway Package, traction current became excluded from the Minimum Access Package to be provided by the Infrastructure Managers (IMs) and was [...]
Transforming Europe into a climate neutral economy by 2050 in line with the European Green Deal places a particular responsibility on the transport sector, which accounts for a quarter of [...]
The European Union (EU) is likely to face a gas supply-demand gap of 27 bcm in 2023-2024. This gap could be reduced by enhancing its partnership with oil and gas [...]
New European rules are being developed to shape electricity market design in a way that improves TSO- DSO coordination, makes efficient use of distribution-connected resources, and empowers the smallest network [...]
Having identified the basic characteristics of the current energy crisis and its particular shape in the European Union, three questions immediately arise. 1) If gas is at the ‘core’ of [...]
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