The EU network codes and guidelines for electricity, first introduced in the Third Energy Package, are designed to enable the implementation of an EU internal electricity market. These codes and guidelines aim to regulate the grid operation and trading rules which govern all cross-border electricity market transactions and system operations in the internal energy market. However, these rules present complex legal challenges, in particular the terms, conditions, and methodologies that are attached to the implementation of the guidelines. This text is intended as an introductory guide to some of the legal issues surrounding the drafting, implementation and amendment procedures of these network codes and guidelines.
In 2022, we experienced an unprecedented energy crisis. Governments intervened to help consumers pay their bills and to apply revenue claw-back mechanisms on utilities. ACER identified a total of 400 [...]
If estimates and targets are to be believed, roughly 6 to 10 million tonnes of hydrogen will be imported into the EU every year by the end of the decade, [...]
The Performance Review Commission (PRC) is an independent body supported by EUROCONTROL with a remit to review and report on the performance of European air traffic management (ATM). While performance [...]
As stated by the OECD, “water security in many regions will continue to deteriorate due to increasing water demand, water stress and water pollution.” Indeed water supply and sanitation (WSS) [...]
Electricity is used for railway traction. With the 4th Railway Package, traction current became excluded from the Minimum Access Package to be provided by the Infrastructure Managers (IMs) and was [...]
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