The environmental ambition of an ETS may be assessed considering three dimensions: emissions coverage, stringency and determinacy.
Allowance prices are an imperfect metric for the stringency of an ETS. Yet, arguably, they are the best proxy for ETS stringency.
Beyond the partial equilibrium representation of linking, a range of economic and political factors can diminish a jurisdiction’s willingness or ability to link.
When choosing a linking partner, many factors are weighed up which transcend the compatibility of ETS designs and differences in environmental ambition.
Linkages between absolute- and relative-cap ETSs are problematic in that overall emissions may increase.
In the literature, non-cooperative linking most often leads to higher emissions than if the same ETSs operated under autarky.
There is a shortage of studies simulating the economic impacts of linkages between existing ETSs. More work is also needed to identify the desirable content of future linking agreements.
As stated by the OECD, “water security in many regions will continue to deteriorate due to increasing water demand, water stress and water pollution.” Indeed water supply and sanitation (WSS) [...]
Electricity is used for railway traction. With the 4th Railway Package, traction current became excluded from the Minimum Access Package to be provided by the Infrastructure Managers (IMs) and was [...]
Transforming Europe into a climate neutral economy by 2050 in line with the European Green Deal places a particular responsibility on the transport sector, which accounts for a quarter of [...]
The European Union (EU) is likely to face a gas supply-demand gap of 27 bcm in 2023-2024. This gap could be reduced by enhancing its partnership with oil and gas [...]
New European rules are being developed to shape electricity market design in a way that improves TSO- DSO coordination, makes efficient use of distribution-connected resources, and empowers the smallest network [...]
Having identified the basic characteristics of the current energy crisis and its particular shape in the European Union, three questions immediately arise. 1) If gas is at the ‘core’ of [...]
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