Electricity will become the main energy supplier to deliver energy services to the end consumer, being it residential, commercial or industrial. However, as part of the road to a fully carbon neutral energy system by 2050, molecules as energy carriers will play a key role. The paper describes the challenges for decarbonizing the different energy vectors and how choices are impacting energy efficiency. Two main routes exist to produce carbon-free hydrogen: classic approaches from carbon-based fuels equipped with Carbon Capture and Storage/incorporated in Carbon Capture and Use strategies, blue hydrogen or via electrolysis powered by renewable electric energy, green hydrogen. The direct use of hydrogen as a supplier of energy services to the end user is limited. Due to the specific characteristics of the hydrogen molecule (very light, very low boiling temperature, very low energy density), mobile applications are doubtful. For stationary applications, the need for storage of energy is clearly present, but the required volume and the resulting pressure/temperature needs make hydrogen a poor choice. The same holds for strategic energy storage. Hydrogen-based molecules, can be produced by combining CO2 captured from the air or industrial processes, making hydrogen an essential part of the carbon neutral post 2050 energy system, as an intermediate product. Molecules such as ammonia (NH3) may be used to transport hydrogen over long distances. The analysis leads to conclusions on the need for a clear taxonomy of hydrogen. The basis has to be the carbon content in order to ensure carbon neutrality in the most effective way.
This dataset aims to provide a list of installation entries and exits into and from the EU ETS. To the extent possible, we also specify the reason for an identified [...]
Purpose of the Review: The increasing penetration of distributed energy sources into the electricity system requires greater customer engagement in providing new flexibility services. This article reviews the main behavioural [...]
In the Commission’s Industrial Carbon Management Strategy it acknowledges the importance of CCUs, and that without it the EU will not succeed in its Green deal and Net Zero ambitions. [...]
The Recast Directive opens the single European railway area to competition. Competition is gradually emerging across the EU but there are obvious asymmetries among Member States, in particular in the [...]
As the 2021 EU urban mobility framework states, Europe is one of the most urbanised regions in the world with a huge variety of cities that are important economic and [...]
For decades, environmental degradation has been the focus of public opinion, academia, research centers, and institutions. This attention is motivated by increasing awareness of the severe ecological and socio-economic problems [...]
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