This paper explores a number of major options that the EU could consider if the decision is made to enhance the EU Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). It shows that the options are varied, with significant differences in terms of additional mitigation effort, political will and environmental impacts. These options have been discussed through workshops with stakeholders and policy makers and an online survey. The survey asked participants to rate the political and social acceptability, as well as competitive, international and environmental impacts of 9 options for enhancing the EU NDC set out in this paper. The results of these efforts to gather input and foster discussion are analysed at the end of the paper.
Interconnectors can help the European Union (EU) resolve the energy trilemma, increasing security of supply, supporting the transition to a low carbon economy and favouring price convergence. The EU should [...]
This groundbreaking book offers a critical and wide-ranging assessment of the global air transport liberalization process over the past 40 years. This compilation of world experts on air transport economics, [...]
Positive effects of the EU gas market liberalisation on price and on liquidity now spill over to the Baltic area – a region formerly defined as EU’s ‘energy island’ because [...]
La digitalizzazione sta penetrando il settore elettrico causandone una profonda riconfigurazione. Tale processo si sviluppa a partire da una serie di cambiamenti nelle infrastrutture, con la creazione di una rete [...]
La creazione di un sistema di trasmissione elettrica privo di discontinuità e il completamento del mercato unico per l’energia in Europa sono ostacolati dalla mancanza di tre «pilastri» fondamentali: coordinamento [...]
In its 2011 White Paper the Commission set the objective of shifting 30% of road freight over 300 km to other modes, such as rail or waterborne transport, by 2030. [...]
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