The enlightening blackout in Spain

On Monday, April 28, 2025, at 12:33 p.m., an unprecedented blackout, illustrated in Figure 1, affected the entire Iberian Peninsula, leaving approximately 50 million people without electricity for periods ranging from 4 to 10 hours. The repercussions extended well beyond the immediate economic impact. From the very outset, rather than undertaking a careful examination of the possible causes, interest groups led the discussion toward the supposed “lessons” to be drawn for future energy policy