Since the 1990s, the different transport sectors in Europe have evolved considerably, initially because of various liberalisation policies but increasingly also as a result of decarbonisation policies and pervasive digitalisation. This introductory chapter outlines the dynamic framework of EU transport regulation by describing the legislative milestones that have shaped the railway, maritime, aviation and road sectors. It references several policy objectives, including digitalisation, safety, decarbonisation and competitiveness. The chapter also considers current challenges, particularly the challenge of developing and financing an interconnected and resilient Europe-wide transport network. By doing this, we aim to set the scene for this book on the current challenges in transport regulation in Europe and beyond, by providing a comprehensive overview of past, current and upcoming regulatory measures.