Energy communities are gaining increasing relevance in the transition toward more decentralized, decarbonized and digitalized energy systems. They represent a heterogeneous phenomenon, a characteristic that explains the difficulty in providing a definition of what they are. This chapter offers some conceptual clarity by building a comprehensive taxonomy of energy communities that practitioners can rely on. Five different categories of communities are distinguished based on their main function in the energy system and the level of maturity of their business models. This chapter also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the different categories and the policy and regulatory issues they raise.
In 2022, we experienced an unprecedented energy crisis. Governments intervened to help consumers pay their bills and to apply revenue claw-back mechanisms on utilities. ACER identified a total of 400 [...]
If estimates and targets are to be believed, roughly 6 to 10 million tonnes of hydrogen will be imported into the EU every year by the end of the decade, [...]
The Performance Review Commission (PRC) is an independent body supported by EUROCONTROL with a remit to review and report on the performance of European air traffic management (ATM). While performance [...]
As stated by the OECD, “water security in many regions will continue to deteriorate due to increasing water demand, water stress and water pollution.” Indeed water supply and sanitation (WSS) [...]
Electricity is used for railway traction. With the 4th Railway Package, traction current became excluded from the Minimum Access Package to be provided by the Infrastructure Managers (IMs) and was [...]
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